1;Preface;5 2;Preface - 2nd edition;7 3;Acknowledgements;8 4;Contents;9 5;1 Introduction;13 5.1;1.1 About the contents of this book;15 5.2;1.2 Historical remarks;22 5.3;1.3 References;28 6;2 Methods in Trauma Biomechanics;29 6.1;2.1 Statistics, field studies, databases;29 6.2;2.2 Basic concepts of biomechanics;33 6.3;2.3 Injury criteria, injury scales and injury risk;38 6.4;2.4 Accident reconstruction;42 6.5;2.5 Experimental models;46 6.6;2.6 Standardised test procedures;51 6.6.1;2.6.1 Anthropomorphic test devices;59 6.7;2.7 Numerical methods;66 6.8;2.8 Summary;70 6.9;2.9 Exercises;71 6.10;2.10 References;72 7;3 Head Injuries;75 7.1;3.1 Anatomy of the head;75 7.2;3.2 Injuries and injury mechanisms;77 7.3;3.3 Mechanical response of the head;82 7.4;3.4 Injury criteria for head injuries;87 7.4.1;3.4.1 Head Injury Criterion (HIC);87 7.4.2;3.4.2 Head Protection Criterion (HPC);89 7.4.3;3.4.3 3 ms criterion (a3ms);89 7.4.4;3.4.4 Generalized Acceleration Model for Brain Injury Threshold (GAMBIT);89 7.5;3.5 Head injuries in sports;91 7.6;3.6 Head injury prevention;96 7.6.1;3.6.1 Head injury prevention in pedestrians;97 7.7;3.7 Summary;100 7.8;3.8 Exercises;100 7.9;3.9 References;101 8;4 Spinal Injuries;106 8.1;4.1 Anatomy of the spine;107 8.2;4.2 Injury mechanisms;110 8.3;4.3 Biomechanical response and tolerances;118 8.4;4.4 Injury criteria;123 8.4.1;4.4.1 Neck injury criterion NIC;124 8.4.2;4.4.2 Nij neck injury criterion;125 8.4.3;4.4.3 Neck protection criterion Nkm;126 8.4.4;4.4.4 Lower Neck Load Index (LNL);129 8.4.5;4.4.5 Neck injury criteria in ECE and FMVSS;130 8.4.6;4.4.6 Further neck injury criteria;132 8.4.7;4.4.7 Correlating neck injury criteria to the injury risk;133 8.5;4.5 Spinal injuries in sports;135 8.6;4.6 Prevention of soft tissue neck injury;137 8.6.1;4.6.1 Head restraint geometry and padding material;138 8.6.2;4.6.2 Controlling head restraint position;140 8.6.3;4.6.3 Controlling seat back motion;142 8.7;4.7 Summary;144 8.8;4.8 Exercises;144 8.9;4.9 References;145 9;5 Thoracic Injuries;154 9.1;5.1 Anatomy of the thorax;154 9.2;5.2 Injury mechanisms;156 9.2.1;5.2.1 Rib fractures;158 9.2.2;5.2.2 Lung injuries;159 9.2.3;5.2.3 Injuries to other thoracic organs;160 9.3;5.3 Biomechanical response;164 9.3.1;5.3.1 Frontal loading;164 9.3.2;5.3.2 Lateral loading;168 9.4;5.4 Injury tolerances and criteria;170 9.4.1;5.4.1 Acceleration and force;170 9.4.2;5.4.2 Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI);171 9.4.3;5.4.3 Compression Criterion (C);172 9.4.4;5.4.4 Viscous Criterion (VC);172 9.4.5;5.4.5 Combined Thoracic Index (CTI);173 9.4.6;5.4.6 Other criteria;173 9.5;5.5 Thoracic injuries in sports;174 9.6;5.6 Summary;174 9.7;5.7 Exercises;174 9.8;5.8 References;176 10;6 Abdominal Injuries;179 10.1;6.1 Anatomy of the abdomen;179 10.2;6.2 Injury mechanisms;180 10.3;6.3 Testing the biomechanical response;183 10.4;6.4 Injury tolerance;185 10.4.1;6.4.1 Injury criteria;186 10.5;6.5 Influence of seat belt use;187 10.6;6.6 Abdominal injuries in sports;188 10.7;6.7 Summary;188 10.8;6.8 Exercises;188 10.9;6.9 References;189 11;7 Injuries of the Pelvis and the Lower Extremities;192 11.1;7.1 Anatomy of the lower limbs;192 11.2;7.2 Injury mechanisms;194 11.2.1;7.2.1 Injuries of the pelvis and the proximal femur;199 11.2.2;7.2.2 Leg, knee and foot injury;201 11.3;7.3 Impact tolerance of the pelvis and the lower extremities;203 11.4;7.4 Injury criteria;207 11.4.1;7.4.1 Compression force;208 11.4.2;7.4.2 Femur Force Criterion (FFC);208 11.4.3;7.4.3 Tibia Index (TI);208 11.4.4;7.4.4 Other criteria;209 11.5;7.5 Pelvic and lower extremity injuries in sports;209 11.6;7.6 Prevention of lower extremity injuries;213 11.6.1;7.6.1 Pedestrian injury countermeasures;214 11.7;7.7 Summary;215 11.8;7.8 Exercises;215 11.9;7.9 References;217 12;8 Injuries of the Upper Extremities;222 12.1;8.1 Anatomy of the upper limbs;222 12.2;8.2 Injury incidences and mechanisms;224 12.3;8.3 Impact tolerance;226 12.4;8.4 Injury criteria and evaluation of injury risk from airbags;228 12.5