This volume is concerned with the clinical aspects of urology in childhood; the anatomy, physiology and pathology are discussed only where they have a direct bearing upon the clinical problem, and for a detailed description of these aspects, and of operative technique, the reader is referred to other volumes of this series. Emphasis is laid upon the disorders peculiar to infants and children, so that diseases such as tuberculosis, the manifestations of which in the child differ little from those in the adult, receive less attention. Childhood is deemed to cease with the completion of puberty, though illustrations have sometimes been taken from adolescent cases. The personal views expressed in this work are based upon experience at The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, at St. Peter's and St. Paul's Hospitals, and at the Institute of Urology, University of London. I am deeply indebted to all my colleagues and assistants at these institutions for their help and co-operation both in the trea.tment of cases and in the preparation of this volume. I would particularly wish to thank Mr. T. T. TwrSTINGTON HIGGINS for introducing me to the urology of childhood, Drs. M. BODIAN, R. C. B. PUGH and L. L. R. WHITE for their assistance in matters of pathology, and for preparing specimens for illustration, Dr. "\V. W. PAYNE for his advice on biochemistry, Dr.

A. Introduction

I. The basic requirements for paediatric urology
II. The nature of genito-urinary disease in children
III. Urological investigations
IV. Management of surgical cases
V. Fluid and electrolyte balance in infants
B. Congenital abnormalities of the upper urinary tract
I. Renal agenesis
II. Renal hypoplasia
III. Cystic disease of the kidneys
IV. Malrotated, fused and ectopic kidneys
V. Hydronephrosis due to congenital pelvi-ureteric obstruction
VI. Congenital ureteric stricture, hypoplasia and valves
VII. Duplications of the ureter
VIII. Ectopic ureters
IX. Ureterocele and ureteric prolapse
X. Retrocaval ureter
C. Hydro-ureter and mega-ureter
I. Normal ureteric function
II. Radiography and other investigations
III. Vesico-ureteric reflux
IV. Hydro-ureter in bladder disorders
V. Hydro-ureter in other reno-ureteral abnormalities
VI. Infections
VII. The mega-ureter-megacystis syndrome
VIII. Simple mega-ureter
D. Congenital abnormalities of the lower urinary tract
I. Urachal anomalies
II. Rare vesical malformations
III. Vesical diverticula
IV. Bladder neck obstruction and urethral fibro-elastosis
V. Urethral obstructions
VI. Urethral diverticula and duplications
VII. Malformations associated with absent abdominal muscles
VIII. Malformations associated with anal atresia : persistent cloaca
IX. Ectopia vesicae and epispadias
X. Hypospadias and allied disorders
E. Lower urinary tract obstruction
I. Introductory
II. Causes of obstruction
III. Consequences of obstruction
IV. Symptomatology
V. Diagnosis and management
F. Enuresis
I. Normal development
II. Incidence
III. Symptoms and differential diagnosis
IV. Aetiological factors
V. Management
G. The neurogenic bladder
I. Congenital spinal cord lesions
II. Poliomyelitis
H. Non-tuberculous urinary infections
I. Incidence
II. Bacteriology and mode of infection
III. Acute urinary infections
IV. Chronic and recurrent urinary infection
V. Chronic pyelonephritis
VI. Pyaemic kidney; renal carbuncle and perinephric abscess
VII. Cystitis
VIII. Parasitic and fungal infections
I. Urogenital tuberculosis
I. Incidence
II. Pathology
III. Clinical features and management
IV. Chemotherapy
J. Calculous disease
I. Incidence
II. Aetiological classification
III. Regional classification
IV. Management of calculus cases
K. Neoplastic disease
I. Neoplasms in infancy and childhood
II. The kidney
III. The adrenal gland and retro-peritoneal space
IV. The bladder
V. The prostate and urethra
VI. The penis and scrotum
VII. The epididymis and spermatic cord
VIII. The testicle
IX. The ovary
X. The vagina and uterus
L. Hypertension
I. General observations
II. Renal hypertension
M. Renal failure and allied disorders
I. Acute renal failure
II. Chronic renal failure
III. Renal vascular disorders
IV. Polyuria and the renal tubular disorders
V. Haematuria and nephritis
N. The male genital tract
I. Congenital abnormalities of the penis
II. Phimosis and paraphimosis
III. Skin lesions
IV. Meatal ulcer and stenosis
V. Genital tract infections
VI. Urethral injuries, stricture and fistula
1. Anterior urethral injuries
2. Posterior urethral injuries
3. Urethral stricture
4. Urethral fistula
VII. Priapism
VIII. Undescended testicles
IX. Other testicular anomalies
X. Hydrocele
XI. Varicocele
XII. Torsion of the spermatic cord and of the testicular appendages
XIII. Scrotal oedema and gangrene
O. The female genital tract and urethra
I. The clitoris and labia
II. The external urinary meatus
III. Urethral prolapse
IV. Urethro-trigonitis
V. Vulvo-vaginitis
VI. Urethral injuries and fistulae
VII. Hydrocolpos and haematocolpos
VIII. Congenital absence of the vagina
P. Intersex states and endocrine disorders
I. Normal development
II. Female pseudohermaphroditism
III. Male pseudohermaphroditism
IV. True hermaphroditism
V. The practical approach to intersex
VI. Gonadal agenesis
VII. Hypogonadism in the male
VIII. Sexual precocity
References
Author Index.