1;Preface;5 2;Contents;7 3;Contributors;12 4;Part I: Defining the Disease;17 4.1;Chapter 1;18 4.1.1;Historical Aspects;18 4.1.1.1;1.1.1 Before Vitiligo: Understanding Old Terms Meaning White Skin Spots;18 4.1.1.2;1.1.2 From Celsus to the Modern Period;20 4.1.1.3;1.1.3 Social Status of VitiligoPatients Across the Ages;20 4.1.1.4;1.1.4 Precursors to Phototherapy of Vitiligo;21 4.1.1.5;1.1.5 Modern History of Some Treatments of Vitiligo;22 4.1.1.6;1.1.6 Conclusions;23 4.1.1.7;References;23 4.2;1.2 Clinical Overview ;25 4.2.1;Chapter 2;26 4.2.1.1;Epidemiology, Definitions and Classification;26 4.2.1.1.1;1.2.1.1 Introduction;26 4.2.1.1.2;1.2.1.2 Epidemiology;27 4.2.1.1.3;1.2.1.3 Vitiligo Vulgaris or Non-Segmental Vitiligo;27 4.2.1.1.4;1.2.1.4 Conditions to Exclude from the Definition of NSV;27 4.2.1.1.5;1.2.1.5 Segmental Vitiligo;34 4.2.1.1.6;1.2.1.6 Conditions to Exclude from the Definition of SV;34 4.2.1.1.7;1.2.1.7 Mixed Vitiligo;35 4.2.1.1.8;1.2.1.8 Classification Issues;35 4.2.1.1.9;References;36 4.2.2;Chapter 3;38 4.2.2.1;Histopathology;38 4.2.2.1.1;1.2.2.1 Introduction;38 4.2.2.1.2;1.2.2.2 Recommendations for a Proper Interpretation of Biopsies;39 4.2.2.1.3;1.2.2.3 Histo- and Immunohistochemistry Techniques for Studying Vitiligo;40 4.2.2.1.4;1.2.2.4 Pathological Findings;40 4.2.2.1.4.1;Pathologic Stages;40 4.2.2.1.4.2;Pigment Incontinence;41 4.2.2.1.4.3;Findings in Perilesional and Distant Areas in Non-segmental vitiligo;41 4.2.2.1.4.4;Nature of the Inflammatory Infi ltrate;42 4.2.2.1.5;1.2.2.5 Differential Diagnosis;43 4.2.2.1.6;References;44 4.3;1.3 Clinical aspects;46 4.3.1;Chapter 4;47 4.3.1.1;Generalized Vitiligo;47 4.3.1.1.1;1.3.1.1 Common Clinical Features;47 4.3.1.1.2;1.3.1.2 Distribution;48 4.3.1.1.3;1.3.1.3 Natural Course;49 4.3.1.1.4;1.3.1.4 Clinical Subtypes;49 4.3.1.1.5;1.3.1.5 Clinical Variants;49 4.3.1.1.5.1;Inflammatory Vitiligo;49 4.3.1.1.5.2;Multichrome Vitiligo;50 4.3.1.1.5.3;Vitiligo Minor;50 4.3.1.1.5.4;Blue Vitiligo;50 4.3.1.1.6;References;50 4.3.2;Chapter 5;52 4.3.2.1;Segmental Vitiligo;52 4.3.2.1.1;1.3.2.1 Epidemiology and Clinical Features;53 4.3.2.1.1.1;Epidemiology and General Features;53 4.3.2.1.1.2;Clinical Features;53 4.3.2.1.1.3;Precipitating Factors;54 4.3.2.1.2;References;54 4.3.2.1.3;1.3.2.2 Classification, Course and Prognosis;55 4.3.2.1.3.1;Classification of Segmental Vitiligo on the Face (Hann);55 4.3.2.1.3.2;Classification of Segmental Vitiligo of the Face and Neck (Gauthier);56 4.3.2.1.3.3;Diagnosis, Course, and Special Locations;56 4.3.2.1.3.4;Treatment Overview;58 4.3.2.1.4;References;59 4.3.3;Chapter 6;61 4.3.3.1;Vitiligo Universalis;61 4.3.3.1.1;1.3.3.1 Definition and Epidemiology;61 4.3.3.1.2;1.3.3.2 Clinical Features;62 4.3.3.1.2.1;Precipitating Factors and Progression;62 4.3.3.1.2.2;Infl uence of Previous Treatments;64 4.3.3.1.2.3;Autoimmune Diseases Associated with Extensive Vitiligo and Application to VU;64 4.3.3.1.3;1.3.3.3 Diagnosis;64 4.3.3.1.4;1.3.3.4 Management;64 4.3.3.1.4.1;Sun Protection;65 4.3.3.1.4.2;Psychosocial Aspects;65 4.3.3.1.5;1.3.3.5 Conclusions;65 4.3.3.1.6;References;66 4.3.4;Chapter 7;67 4.3.4.1;Mucosal Vitiligo;67 4.3.4.1.1;1.3.4.1 Definition and Epidemiology;67 4.3.4.1.2;1.3.4.2 Oral Mucosa;67 4.3.4.1.3;1.3.4.3 Genital Mucosa;68 4.3.4.1.4;1.3.4.4 Management Principles;69 4.3.4.1.5;References;69 4.3.5;Chapter 8;70 4.3.5.1;Halo Nevi and Vitiligo;70 4.3.5.2;1.3.5.1 Definition;70 4.3.5.3;1.3.5.2 Clinical Features;71 4.3.5.3.1;Epidemiology and Associated Disorders;71 4.3.5.3.2;Pathogenesis, Histological, Immunological, and Genetic Data;72 4.3.5.4;1.3.5.3 Conclusions;73 4.3.5.5;References;73 4.3.6;Chapter 9;74 4.3.6.1;Hair Involvement in Vitiligo;74 4.3.6.1.1;1.3.6.1 Hair, Melanocytes, and Pigmentation;74 4.3.6.1.1.1;Hair Follicles;74 4.3.6.1.1.2;Hair Follicle Melanocytes, Melanocyte Reservoir, and Pigment Stem Cells;75 4.3.6.1.2;1.3.6.2 Pigmentation in the Hair Follicle;75 4.3.6.1.3;1.3.6.3 Hair Involvement in Vitiligo;76 4.3.6.1.4;1.3.6.4 Canities;78 4.3.6.1.