1;Foreword;6 2;Preface;7 3;Contents;8 4;Contributors;13 5;Macular Holes;15 5.1;1.1 Epidemiology;15 5.2;1.2 Pathogenesis;15 5.3;1.3 Clinical Staging;16 5.4;1.4 Natural History;17 5.5;1.5 Risk of Full- Thickness Macular Hole in the Fellow Eye;18 5.6;1.6 Symptoms and Signs;18 5.7;1.7 Fluorescein Angiography and Fundus Autofluorescence;19 5.8;1.8 Optical Coherence Tomography;20 5.9;1.9 Surgical Management of Macular Holes;20 5.10;1.10 Technique for Conventional Macular Hole Surgery;21 5.11;1.11 Tamponade Agents and Postoperative Posturing;22 5.12;1.12 Biological Adjuncts to Macular Hole Surgery;23 5.13;1.13 Technique for Intraoperative Application of Biological Adjuncts;24 5.14;1.14 Inner Limiting Membrane Peeling;24 5.15;1.15 Technique for Inner Limiting Membrane Peeling;25 5.16;1.16 Vital Staining to Facilitate Inner Limiting Membrane Peeling;25 5.17;1.17 Indocyanine Green;25 5.18;1.18 Trypan Blue;26 5.19;1.19 Technique for Inner Limiting Membrane Staining;27 5.20;1.20 Complications of Macular Hole Surgery;27 5.21;1.21 Prognosis Following Macular Hole Surgery;27 5.22;References;28 6;Heavy Silicone Oil for Persistent Macular Holes;33 6.1;2.1. Introduction;33 6.1.1;2.1.1 Basics;33 6.1.2;2.1.2 Therapeutic Options;33 6.1.2.1;2.1.2.1 Observation;34 6.1.2.2;2.1.2.2 Laser Photocoagulation and Outpatient FGEX;34 6.1.2.3;2.1.2.3 Re- Operations;34 6.1.2.3.1;2.1.2.3.1 New Vitrectomy Using FGEX and 1,330 ng of Transforming Growth Factor- Beta2;34 6.1.2.3.2;2.1.2.3.2 New Vitrectomy Performing Indocyanine Green- Assisted ILM Peeling and Autologous Platelets Concentrate Application;34 6.1.2.3.3;2.1.2.3.3 New Vitrectomy Using Silicone Oil as Long- Term Endotamponade;34 6.1.2.3.4;2.1.2.3.4 New Vitrectomy Using F6H8;34 6.1.2.3.5;2.1.2.3.5 New Vitrectomy and Endotamponading with HSO ( Oxane HD);35 6.1.3;2.1.3 Rationale of HSO Endotamponading;36 6.2;2.2 Treatment of Persistent Macular Holes;36 6.3;2.3 Conclusions;39 6.4;References;44 7;The Role of Combined Adjunctive 5- Fluorouracil and Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Prevention;46 7.1;Core Messages;46 7.2;3.1 Introduction;46 7.3;3.2 PVR Pathobiology ;47 7.4;3.3 Adjunctive Agents;47 7.4.1;3.3.1 5- Fluorouracil;47 7.4.2;3.3.2 Low Molecular Weight Heparin;48 7.4.3;3.3.3 Initial Clinical Studies;48 7.5;3.4 Clinical Trials of Combined Adjunctive 5FU and LMWH;48 7.5.1;3.4.1 Adjunctive Regime;48 7.5.2;3.4.2 High- Risk Retinal Detachments in Eyes Undergoing Vitrectomy and Gas Exchange ( PVR 1);49 7.5.3;3.4.3 Established PVR in Eyes Undergoing Vitrectomy and Silicone Oil Exchange ( PVR 2);49 7.5.4;3.4.4 Unselected Primary Retinal Detachments in Eyes Undergoing Vitrectomy and Gas Exchange ( PVR 3);49 7.5.5;3.4.5 Macular Translocation with 360° Retinotomy;50 7.6;3.5 Implications for Clinical Use ;50 7.6.1;3.5.1 Uncomplicated Primary Retinal Detachments;48 7.6.2;3.5.2 Established PVR;50 7.6.3;3.5.3 High- Risk Retinal Detachments;50 7.6.4;3.5.4 Intraocular Trauma Patients Undergoing Vitrectomy Surgery;50 7.7;References;51 8;Slippage of the Retina: What Causes It and How Can It Be Prevented?;53 8.1;Core Messages;53 8.2;4.1 Introduction;53 8.3;4.2 What is Slippage?;53 8.3.1;4.2.1 Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension;53 8.3.2;4.2.2 Shape of Endotamponade Bubble;54 8.3.3;4.2.3 Surface Property of the Retina;55 8.3.4;4.2.4 Fluid- Air Exchange;55 8.4;4.3 Setting the Scene for Slippage;56 8.4.1;4.3.1 Perfluorocarbon Liquids and the " Doughnut" of Fluid;56 8.4.2;4.3.2 Seeing and Doing;58 8.4.3;4.3.3 Air Versus Silicone Oil Exchange for PFCL;58 8.4.4;4.3.4 Oil on Water? No, Water on Oil!;59 8.5;4.4 Overfilling and Complete Elimination of Aqueous;60 8.6;4.5 Injection of Silicone Oil;60 8.7;Acknowledgements;62 8.8;References;62 9;Complete and Early Vitrectomy for Endophthalmitis ( CEVE) as Today's Alternative to the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study;64 9.1;Core Messages;65 9.2;5.1 Introduction and Definitions;65 9.3;5.2 Etiology and Classification;67 9.4;5.3 Pathophysiology, Organisms, a