This volume is of great importance to humans and other living organisms. The study of water quality draws information from a variety of disciplines including chemistry, biology, mathematics, physics, engineering, and resource management.

University training in water quality is often limited to specialized courses in engineering, ecology, and fisheries curricula. This book also offers a basic understanding of water quality to professionals who are not formally trained in the subject.

The revised third edition updates and expands the discussion, and incorporates additional figures and illustrative problems. Improvements include a new chapter on basic chemistry, a more comprehensive chapter on hydrology, and an updated chapter on regulations and standards.

Because it employs only first-year college-level chemistry and very basic physics, the book is well-suited as the foundation for a general introductory course in water quality. It is equally useful as a guide for self-study and an in-depth resource for general readers.

<p><b>Chapter 1 Physical Properties of Water</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>The Water Molecule</p><p>            Structure</p><p>            Dipolar nature</p><p>            Size</p><p>Properties of Water</p><p>            Thermal characteristics</p><p>            Vapor pressure</p><p>            Density</p><p>            Surface phenomena</p><p>            Viscosity</p><p>            Elasticity and compressibility</p><p>            Water pressure</p><p>            Dielectric constant</p><p>            Conductivity</p><p>Transparency</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p> <p></p><p><b>Chapter 2 An Overview of Hydrology</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>The Hydrologic Cycle</p><p>Evaporation</p><p>            Measurement</p><p>Rainfall</p><p>            Measurement</p><p>Soil Water</p><p>Groundwater</p><p>Runoff and Streams</p><p>Lakes, Reservoirs, and Ponds</p><p>Wetlands</p><p>Water Measurements</p><p>            Overland flow</p><p>            Stream flow</p><p>            Volumes of water bodies</p><p>            Water Budgets and chemical mass balance</p><p>Oceans and Estuaries</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p><br> <p> </p><p><b>Chapter 3 Water Temperature (new chapter)</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>Energy, Heat, and Temperature</p><p>Solar Radiation and Heating</p><p>Heat Transfer in Water bodies</p><p>Stream Temperatures</p><p>Lakes, Reservoirs, and Ponds</p><p>Thermal Stratification</p>            Heat budgets<p></p><p>            Thermal stratification process</p><p>            Patterns of lake stratification</p><p>            Stratification in ponds</p>            Ice cover<p></p><p>            Effects of water quality</p><p>Temperature in Water Quality </p><p>            Physical aspects</p><p>            Chemical reactions</p><p>            Biological processes</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 4 Dissolved Solids</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>Dissolved Solids and Their Measurement</p><p>            Dissolved or suspended - particle sizes</p><p>            Major cations and anions</p><p>            Total dissolved solids</p><p>            Total dissolved organic matter</p><p>            Salinity</p><p>            Specific conductance</p><p>            Alkalinity and hardness</p><p>Cation-Anion Balance</p><p>Accuracy checks</p><p>Concentrations of Major Ions in Natural Waters</p><p>            Rainwater</p><p>            Inland surface water</p><p>            Groundwater</p><p>            Coastal and ocean water</p><p>Minor Ions and Other Solutes</p><p>Relative Abundances of Elements</p><p>Total Dissolved Solids and Colligative Properties</p><p>            Vapor pressure</p><p>            Freezing and boiling points</p><p>            Osmotic pressure</p><p>Removal of Dissolved Solids</p><p>            Ion exchange</p><p>            Activated carbon</p><p>            Desalination</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p> <p></p><p><b>Chapter 5 Particulate Matter, Color, Turbidity, and Light</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>Suspended Particles</p><p>            Sources</p><p>            Settling characteristics</p><p>            Colloidal particles</p><p>Humic Substances and Color</p><p>Turbidity and Light Penetration</p><p>Assessment of Turbidity and Color</p><p>            Direct turbidity measurement</p><p>            Suspended solids</p><p>            Settleable solids</p><p>            Secchi disk</p><p>            Color</p><p>Visual Aspects of Water Bodies</p><p>Suspended Solids Removal</p><p>            Water shed protection</p><p>            Sedimentation basins</p><p>            Coagulation</p><p>            Filtration</p><p> Conclusions</p><p>References </p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 6 Dissolved Oxygen and Other Gases</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>Atmospheric Pressure</p><p>Gas Solubility</p><p>            Partial pressure</p><p>            Henry's law constant and Bunsen coefficient</p><p>            Weight of air in water</p><p>            Use of gas solubility tables</p><p>            Percentage saturation and oxyen tension</p><p>The DeltaP</p><p>Gas Transfer</p><p>            Stream re-aeration</p><p>Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen</p><p>Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Respiration</p><p>Conclusions</p>References<p></p><p> </p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 7 Redox Potential</b></p><p>No changes in outline. </p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 8 pH, Carbon Dioxide, and Alkalinity</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>pH</p><p>            The concept</p><p>            Calculations</p>            pH of natural waters<p></p><p>Carbon Dioxide</p><p>Total Alkalinity</p><p>            Measurement of alkalinity</p><p>            Sources of alkalinity</p><p>            Comments on alkalinity equilibria</p><p>Buffering</p><p>Alkalinity of Natural Waters</p><p>Effects on Aquatic Life and Water use</p><p>            pH</p><p>            Carbon dioxide</p><p>            Alkalinity</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 9 Acidity (new chapter)</b></p><p>Information</p><p>Definition of Acidity</p><p>Measurement of Acidity</p><p>Sources of Mineral Acidity in Surface Waters</p><p>            Acid-sulfate soils</p><p>            Acidic, atmospheric deposition</p><p>            Acidic mine drainage</p><p>Effects of Mineral Acidity on Water Quality</p><p>            Water quality</p><p>Mitigation of Mineral Acidity</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 10 Total Hardness</b></p><p>No changes in outline.</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 11 Microorganisms, Macrophytes, and Water Quality</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>Bacteria</p><p>            Nutrients</p>            Growth<p></p><p>            Aerobic respiration</p><p>            Oxygen stoichiometry in aerobic respiration</p><p>            Anaerobic respiration</p>            Environmental effects on bacterial growth<p></p><p>            Estimating bacterial abundance</p><p>Sediment Respiration</p><p>Phytoplankton</p><p>            Biology</p><p>            Photosynthesis</p><p>            Biochemical assimilation</p><p>            Factors controlling phytoplankton growth</p><p>            Estimating phytoplankton abundance</p>            Effects of phytoplankton on water quality<p></p><p>Measuring Photosynthesis and Respiration</p><p>The Compensation Depth</p><p>Harmful Algae</p><p>Aquatic Macrophytes</p>            Communities<p></p><p>            Interactions with phytoplankton</p><p>            Effects on water quality</p><p>Carbon and Oxygen Cycle</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 12 Nitrogen</b></p><p>No changes in outline.</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 13 Phosphorus</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>Phosphorus in Aquatic Ecosystems</p><p>Phosphorus Chemistry</p><p>            Dissociation of orthophosphoric acid</p><p>            Phosphorus-sediment reactions</p><p>Organic Phosphorus</p><p>Analytical Considerations</p><p>Phosphorus Dynamics</p><p>            Concentrations in water</p><p>            Plant uptake</p>            Exchange between water and sediment<p></p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 14 Eutrophication (new chapter)</b></p>Introduction<p></p><p>The Eutrophication Process</p><p>            Natural causes</p><p>            Anthropogenic causes</p><p>            Nitrogen, phosphorus and eutrophication</p><p>            Critical nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations</p><p>            The tipping point</p><p>            Lake eutrophication</p><p>            Stream eutrophication</p><p>            Climate change and eutrophication</p><p>Effects of Eutrophication</p><p>            Water quality</p><p>            Aquatic communities</p>            Water use<p></p><p>            Health aspects</p><p>Eutrophication Control</p><p>            Reduction in inputs</p><p>            Nutrient removal</p><p>            Prospects for future</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 15 Sulfur</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>The Sulfur Cycle</p><p>Sulfur Transformations</p><p>            Plant uptake and mineralization</p><p>            Oxidations</p>            Reductions<p></p><p>Sulfide</p><p>Sulfur Concentrations</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 16 Micronutrients and Other Trace Elements</b></p><p>No changes in outline.</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 17 Water Supply (new chapter)</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>The World's Water</p><p>Available and Sustainable Freshwater</p><p>            The water footprint</p><p>Domestic Water Use</p><p>            Human water requirements</p>            Water quality and human health<p></p><p>            Bottled water</p><p>Industrial Water Use</p><p>Agricultural Water Use</p><p>            Plant crops</p><p>            Livestock</p><p>            Food processing</p><p>Ecosystem Water Requirements</p><p>            Water levels</p>            Water flow<p></p><p>            Water quality</p><p>Water Bodies for Landscape and Recreational Purposes</p><p>Water Shortages: Future Prospects</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>References</p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 18 Water Pollution</b></p><p>Introduction</p><p>Overview of Water Pollution</p><p>Inorganic Solids and Turbidity</p><p>Organic Pollution</p><p>Biochemical Oxygen Demand</p><p>Nutrient Pollution</p><p>Toxins</p><p>Biological Pollution</p><p>Groundwater Pollution</p><p>Wetland Destruction</p><p>Pollution Control</p><p>Contamination by Pharmaceuticals</p><p>Thermal Discharges</p><p>Conclusions</p>References<p></p><p> </p><p><b>Chapter 19 Water Quality Regulations</b></p>