1;Table of Contents;52;List of Contributors;123;Common Abbreviations;294;Biomarkers;314.1;The Diagnosis of Sepsis: The Present and The Future;324.2;Procalcitonin: Nice to Know, Need to know, or Needs Further Research?;394.3;Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Hormokines as Biomarkers in Severe Infections;514.4;Novel Biomarkers and the Outcome from Critical Illness and Major Surgery;614.5;Molecular Approaches to Detection of Bacteria in Critical Care Patients;735;Sepsis and Infection: Management;825.1;Understanding and Optimizing Outcome in Neonates with Sepsis and Septic Shock;835.2;Effects of Vasoactive Agents on the Gastrointestinal Microcirculation in Septic Shock;975.3;Hemodynamic Effects of Activated Protein C in Septic Shock;1035.4;Adrenomedullin in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Sepsis;1095.5;Antioxidants for the Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction in Critical Illness;1245.6;Plasma Cortisol: Time to Look Deeper?;1345.7;Glucose Control and Monitoring in the ICU;1416;Severe Lung Infections;1586.1;Current Concepts of Severe Pneumococcal Community-acquired Pneumonia;1596.2;Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit;1716.3;Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Non-AIDS Immunocompromised Patients;1837;Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction;1977.1;The Role of Neutrophil-Derived Myeloperoxidase in Organ Dysfunction and Sepsis;1987.2;Are Mitochondria Responsible for Improved Outcomes in Recent Studies?;2137.3;The Impact of Chronic Disease on Response to Infection;2227.4;Immunomodulatory Effects of General Anesthetics;2337.5;Critical Illness Stress-induced Immune Suppression;2427.6;Transcription Factors and Nuclear Cofactors in Muscle Wasting;2547.7;Organ Dysfunction in the ICU: A Clinical Perspective;2638;Lipids;2718.1;Sphingolipid Metabolism in Systemic Inflammation;2728.2;Statins in Sepsis and Acute Lung Injury;2908.3;Potential Mechanisms by which Statins Modulate the Development of Acute Lung Injury;2999;Acute Lung Injury;3129.1;Matrix Metalloproteinases in Acute Lung Injury;3139.2;The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Lung Injury and Repair;3219.3;Cell Regeneration in Lung Injury;3329.4;The Extracellular Matrix of the Lung: The Forgotten Friend!;34210;Mechanical Ventilation;35710.1;Advances in Translaryngeal Tube Technology;35810.2;Is One Fixed Level of Assist Sufficient to Mechanically Ventilate Spontaneously Breathing Patients?;36910.3;Patient-ventilator Interaction During Non-invasive Ventilation with the Helmet Interface;37911;Protective Ventilation in Respiratory Failure;38911.1;Dynamic Lung Imaging Techniques in Mechanically Ventilated Patients;39011.2;Can We Protect the Lung from Acute Injury?;40011.3;Rationale for High-Frequency Oscillation as a Primary Lung- Protective Mode in Patients with ALI/ ARDS;40711.4;The Role of Protective Ventilation in Cardiac Surgery Patients;41711.5;Alveolar Pressure/volume Curves Reflect Regional Lung Mechanics;42612;Cardiovascular Topics;43412.1;Cardiovascular Surgery in the Aging World;43512.2;Intensive Care Unit Arrhythmias;44912.3;Diastolic (Dys)Function in Sepsis;46212.4;Autonomic Dysfunction: A Relevant Component in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome;47313;Hemodynamic Monitoring;48613.1;The Use of Hemodynamic Monitoring to Improve Patient Outcomes;48713.2;Using Mathematical Models to Improve the Utility of Quantitative ICU Data;49513.3;The Meaning of Hemodynamic Monitoring in Patients with Shock: Role of Echocardiography;50913.4;Transpulmonary Thermodilution for Advanced Cardiorespiratory Monitoring;51713.5;Using Heart-Lung Interactions for Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring: Important Factors beyond Preload;52713.6;Diagnosis of Central Hypovolemia in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient;53613.7;Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness in Spontaneously Breathing Patients;54713.8;Passive Leg Raising;55813.9;Extravascular Lung Water Measurement;56514;Intravenous Fluid Therapy;57614.1;Fluid M