1;Title Page;22;Copyright Page;33;Table of Contents;44;List of Contributors;85;Common Abbreviations;196;I The Microcirculation;207;The Microcirculation and Oxidative Stress;217.1;Introduction;217.2;Reactive Oxygen Species;217.3;Sources of ROS in the Microcirculation;237.3.1;Mitochondria;237.3.2;NADPH Oxidase;237.3.3;NO Synthase;247.3.4;Xanthine Oxidase;247.3.5;Other Sources of Superoxide Anion Production;257.4;Interactions of ROS with the Microcirculation;257.4.1;Leukocyte-endothelial Cell Adhesion;267.4.2;Vascular Tone Regulation;277.4.3;The Vast Spectrum of Intracellular Targets for ROS;277.5;Role of Oxidative Stress in Microcirculatory Dysfunction;287.5.1;Ischemia-reperfusion;287.5.2;Sepsis;297.6;Conclusion;317.7;References;318;Diagnosis and Treatment of the Septic Microcirculation;348.1;Introduction;348.2;Normal Microcirculation;348.3;The Microcirculation in Sepsis;368.4;Bedside Study of the Microcirculation;378.5;The Microcirculation in Distributive Shock;378.6;Recruiting the Microcirculation Network During Distributive Shock;418.7;Conclusion;428.8;References;439;Targeted Treatment of Microvascular Dysfunction;459.1;Introduction: Microvascular dysfunction is the Root Cause of Inflammatory Organ Dysfunction;459.2;Traditional Therapies and Biomarkers have Centered on the Macrocirculation;459.3;New Methods of Assessing the Microcirculation;469.4;Therapeutic Approaches;479.4.1;Suppression of Intracellular Inflammatory Signaling;479.4.1.1;Other inhibitors of cellular inflammation;489.4.2;Suppression of Circulating Mediators of Inflammation;499.4.2.1;Large scale removal by hemofiltration;499.4.2.2;Intravenous immunoglobulin;499.4.2.3;Neutralizing antibodies;499.4.2.4;Coagulation;509.5;Conclusion;509.6;References;5110;II Hemodynamic Monitoring;5411;Diagnosing Hypovolemia in Critically Ill Patients;5511.1;Introduction;5511.2;Defining Hypovolemia;5511.3;Diagnosing Hypovolemia;5511.3.1;Static Diagnostic Tests;5611.3.2;Dynamic Diagnostic Tests;5611.3.2.1;Fluid challenge;5611.3.2.2;Arterial waveform-derived variables;5611.3.2.3;Passive leg raising;5811.4;Perspective;5911.5;Conclusion;6011.6;References;6012;Measuring Stroke Volume Using Electrical Impedance Tomography;6212.1;Introduction;6212.2;Why do we need Non-invasive Cardiovascular Measurements?;6212.3;Electrical Impedance Tomography;6312.4;EIT-based Methods to Measure Stroke Volume;6412.4.1;Holding the Breath;6412.4.2;EKG Gating;6412.4.3;Optimized Separation in the Temporal and Spatial Domains;6512.4.4;Contrast Agents;6612.5;Deriving Stroke Volume from Cardiac Impedance Images;6712.5.1;Impedance-time Curves;6812.5.2;Parametric EIT;6912.6;Conclusion;6912.7;References;7013;Direct Arterial Pressure Monitoring: Pattern Recognition in the Management of Circulatory Failure;7213.1;Introduction;7213.2;Case Study 1: Components of an Arterial Pressure Waveform;7213.3;Case Study 2: Hypovolemia;7313.4;Case Study 3: Pulse Pressure as a Measure of Stroke Volume;7413.5;Case Study 4: Effect of Aortic Capacitance on Pulse Pressure;7513.6;Case Study 5: Effect of Vasoconstrictor Drugs on Pulse Pressure;7513.7;Case Study 6: Effect of Vasoconstriction on the Dicrotic Notch and Secondary Pressure Waves;7613.8;Case Study 7: Sympathetic Stimulation and Reflected Pressure Waves;7713.9;Conclusion;7813.10;References;7814;Choosing Patient-tailored Hemodynamic Monitoring;8014.1;Introduction;8014.2;What Do We Have and What Can they Do?;8014.3;Factors Affecting Choices;8314.4;Conclusions and Perspective;8514.5;References;8515;III Resuscitation Issues;8816;Airway and Ventilation during CPR;8916.1;Introduction;8916.2;Regurgitation and Aspiration after Cardiac Arrest;8916.3;The Pros and Cons of Tracheal Intubation;9016.3.1;Advantages of Tracheal Intubation;9016.3.2;Disadvantages of Tracheal Intubation;9016.3.3;Reducing the Risk of Unrecognized Esophageal Intubation;9116.4;Supraglottic Airway Devices;9116.5;Ventila