1;Foreword;11 2;Author Index;17 3;INTRODUCTION;19 3.1;1 Adolescent gambling;21 3.2;2 Understanding the etiology of youth gambling problems;25 3.2.1;2.1 Introduction;25 3.2.2;2.2 Biology;25 3.2.3;2.3 Individual factors;26 3.2.4;2.4 Life experiences;27 3.2.5;2.5 Environmental factors;28 3.2.6;2.6 Theoretical frameworks;28 3.2.6.1;2.6.1 General theory of addictions;29 3.2.6.2;2.6.2 Pathways model;30 4;PREVALENCE OF YOUTH GAMBLING AND PROBLEM GAMBLING;37 4.1;3 An international perspective on youth gambling prevalence studies;39 4.1.1;3.1 Introduction;39 4.1.2;3.2 United States of America;40 4.1.2.1;3.2.1 Early period (1984-1989);40 4.1.2.2;3.2.2 Middle period (1990-1999);47 4.1.2.3;3.2.3 Present period (2000-2009);49 4.1.3;3.3 Canada;51 4.1.3.1;3.3.1 Early investigations (1988-1995);51 4.1.3.2;3.3.2 Recent period (1999-2009);52 4.1.4;3.4 Europe;54 4.1.4.1;3.4.1 Baltic and Balkan states;55 4.1.4.2;3.4.2 Germany and Belgium;56 4.1.4.3;3.4.3 Latin Europe;56 4.1.4.4;3.4.4 Great Britain;57 4.1.4.5;3.4.5 Nordic countries;58 4.1.5;3.5 Australia and New Zealand;61 4.1.5.1;3.5.1 Survey studies in Australia and New Zealand;61 4.1.5.2;3.5.2 Variations in activity preferences and individual differences;62 4.1.5.3;3.5.3 Links between adolescent and adult gambling;63 4.1.6;3.6 Conclusions;63 5;CORRELATES, RISK, AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH YOUTH GAMBLING;75 5.1;4 Youth problem gambling: Our current knowledge of risk and protective factors;77 5.1.1;4.1 Introduction;77 5.1.2;4.2 Demographic factors;79 5.1.3;4.3 Gender;79 5.1.4;4.4 Racial and ethnic groups;79 5.1.5;4.5 Personality;80 5.1.6;4.6 Impulsivity;80 5.1.7;4.7 Risk behavior;81 5.1.8;4.8 Coping styles;81 5.1.9;4.9 Mental health factors;82 5.1.10;4.10 ADHD;83 5.1.11;4.11 Academic achievement;83 5.1.12;4.12 Substance abuse;84 5.1.13;4.13 Delinquency;85 5.1.14;4.14 Interpersonal relationships;85 5.1.15;4.15 Peers;86 5.1.16;4.16 Community;87 5.1.17;4.17 Marketing;88 5.1.18;4.18 Societal influences;89 5.1.19;4.19 Conclusions;90 5.2;5 Defining and assessing binge gambling;97 5.2.1;5.1 Introduction;97 5.2.2;5.2 Background;98 5.2.3;5.3 Context;101 5.2.4;5.4 Our pilot study;101 5.2.4.1;5.4.1 Instruments;101 5.2.4.2;5.4.2 Data collection procedure;102 5.2.5;5.5 Our findings;102 5.2.5.1;5.5.1 Gambling participation and classification;102 5.2.5.2;5.5.2 Part A: Analysis of usefulness of questions;103 5.2.5.3;5.5.3 Part A: Scale reliability;104 5.2.5.4;5.5.4 Part B: Qualitative descriptors of binge gambling;105 5.2.5.5;5.5.5 Reasons why binges end;106 5.2.5.6;5.5.6 Episode duration;106 5.2.5.7;5.5.7 Length of time between episodes;107 5.2.6;5.6 Prevalence of binge gambling;108 5.2.7;5.7 Relationship of binge gambling to binge drinking and heavy alcohol use;108 5.2.8;5.8 Toward building a construct of binge gambling;109 5.2.9;5.9 Discussion;109 5.3;Appendix A Modified binge gambling screen for adolescents and young adults;115 5.4;Appendix B Quick binge gambling screen;115 5.5;6 Positive youth development and intention to gamble;117 5.5.1;6.1 Introduction;117 5.5.2;6.2 Our experience;119 5.5.3;6.3 Our findings;120 5.5.4;6.4 Discussion;124 5.6;7 Relationship between positive youth development and intention to gamble among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong;131 5.6.1;7.1 Introduction;131 5.6.2;7.2 Our research design;133 5.6.3;7.3 Our findings;134 5.6.4;7.4 Discussion;138 6;TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN YOUTH GAMBLING;141 6.1;8 Remote gambling in adolescence;143 6.1.1;8.1 Introduction;143 6.1.2;8.2 Background;143 6.1.3;8.3 Empirical studies on adolescent Internet gambling;144 6.1.4;8.4 Online gambling-like experiences among adolescents;151 6.1.4.1;8.4.1 Adolescent gambling via social networking sites;152 6.1.4.2;8.4.2 Adolescent gambling via online penny auction sites;153 6.1.5;8.5 Adolescent gambling via mobile phone;154 6.1.6;8.6 Conclusions;155 7;ASSESSMENT TOOLS;163 7.1;9 A critical review of adolescent problem gambling assessment instruments;165 7.1.1;9.1 Introduction;165 7.1.2;9.2 South Oaks Gamblin